Focal length for diverging lens is negative. Mission RL7: Converging vs. Diverging Lenses. Found inside – Page 174This sort of lens is also called a diverging lens . The image is always smaller ... They bend light rays towards a focus and are called converging lenses . Types of converging and diverging lenses. We can use the ray diagram above to do an example. The plane, which is normal to the optical axis of the lens and goes through the focal point, is known as the focal plane of the lens. Ray 2. Sammellinse und Zerstreuungslinse sind eine Möglichkeit, Linsen anhand des Verhaltens des von den Linsen beeinflussten Lichts zu klassifizieren. Lenses DRAFT. while convex mirror forms diminished image, the concave mirror either forms an enlarged image or a diminished one, depending upon the position of the object. This is a diverging lens and there is no simple rule predicting how such a ray will behave for a diverging lens. The image is where lines cross. The mission consists of 40 questions organized into 10 Question Groups. Diverging Lenses As such, the rules for how light behaves when going through a diverging lens is a little bit different. Net Force (and Acceleration) Ranking Tasks, Trajectory - Horizontally Launched Projectiles, Which One Doesn't Belong? The converging lens is thicker at its center than at its edge. Converging lenses refract light toward the principal axis, and diverging lenses – away from it, therefore diverging lenses do not form a … Converging Lens. Save. We use cookies to provide you with a great experience and to help our website run effectively. lens: [ lenz ] 1. a piece of glass or other transparent material so shaped as to converge or scatter light rays. 3. Mission RL7 contrasts converging and diverging lenses in terms of their shape and the manner in which they reflect incoming light rays. Found inside – Page 46Plane waves incident on a diverging lens resulting in diverging waves ... to the lens is a measure of the converging or diverging power of the lens . opposite side of lens: real image • s’ negative if image is on same side of lens/behind mirror: virtual image • focal length f positive for concave mirror and converging lens negative for convex mirror and diverging lens • object height h, positive • image height h’ positive if the image is upright negative if image is inverted The student should be able to identify a lens as being converging or diverging (based on its shape) and relate the shape of the lens to the manner in which light rays refract. The image height vs. object distance curve is exactly the same as those of mirrors (convex lenses the same as concave mirrors, concave lenses the same as convex mirrors). When the lens is divergent these two points are on the side where the object is. These two lenses are also differentiated on the basis of shape possessed by them. Found inside – Page 1089We now consider the types of image formed by converging and diverging lenses. Figure 34.4.2a shows an object O outside the focal point F1 of a converging ... Versus a diverging (concave) lens spreads parallel light rays apart after refraction, so they look as if they come from a virtual focus. Ray 3 Ray 3. converging lens, convex lens. Difference Between Converging Lenses And Diverging Lenses . converging and diverging lenses, focal length Focal length for converging lens is positive. Drag to move the object, and to change the focal lengths. Found inside – Page 5244There is a axis, such that point rays F convergent 1, the primary focal point toward F1 along the optical and intercepted by a diverging lens emerge ... Difference Between Coronavirus and Cold Symptoms, Difference Between Coronavirus and Influenza, Difference Between Coronavirus and Covid 19, Difference Between Equity and Debt Securities, Difference Between Core Duo and Core 2 Duo, Difference Between Left and Right Side of Heart, Difference Between Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis, What is the Difference Between Infiltration Rate and Percolation Rate, What is the Difference Between Retinoic Acid Receptor Alpha Beta and Gamma, What is the Difference Between Fanconi Anemia and Fanconi Syndrome, What is the Difference Between Convection and Diffusion, What is the Difference Between HER2 and BRCA, What is the Difference Between MCAS and Histamine Intolerance. Author: Kevin Inderbitzin, Ralph55019. If the focal length is in metres, this gives the optical power in dioptres (inverse metres). How can one tell a converging lens from a diverging lens? more. Real Images by Converging lenses. Add Lens: add or remove a lens: None is no lens, Convex is a converging lens, and Concave is a diverging lens. Found inside – Page 126377. n A system of lenses has light passing through a converging lens and then through a diverging lens. An object is 2.00 cm to the left of the converging ... The mission consists of 40 questions organized into 10 Question Groups. Spherical vs. Cylindrical lenses This is a companion textbook for an introductory course in physics. The image formed by a diverging lens: o will always be upright and virtual. Found inside – Page 907(a) Parallel light rays entering a converging lens from the right cross at its ... of either a converging or a diverging lens does not change direction. Tags: Question 3 . 3. Ray 2. F Ray 1. Whatever the mix of surfaces, if the lens is thicker at its center than its edges it is called a converging lens (having positive focal length). Bi-concave lenses (Figure 1(a)) are primarily utilized for diverging light beams and image size reduction, as well as increasing optical system focal lengths and collimating converging light beams. The following two formulas apply to both mirrors and lenses: The greatest difficulty is in remembering the signs of the variables. (See ray 2 in and. ) Light rays going through the lens can cause the light to converge or diverge, depending on whether the lens is concave or convex.Biconvex (converging) lenses are thickest at the center and biconcave (diverging) are thinnest at the center. Compare the Difference Between Similar Terms. 2. the transparent, biconvex body separating the posterior chamber and the vitreous body of the eye; it refracts (bends) light rays so that they are focused on the retina . 2. Different types of lenses in the microscope can cause rays to travel in different directions depending on the angle of the incident or source rays. answer choices . 2. Real images, however, can only be formed by converging lenses. F Ray 1. How many images can a converging lens make? Your email address will not be published. The converging lens has a focal length of +6.00 cm and the diverging lens has a focal length of –8.00 cm. Found inside – Page 385Justas foraconvergingmirror, placingtheobject so do that < f do > f will result ... Figure 33.18 shows a ray diagram for a diverging lens and Figure 33.17 ... Found inside – Page 86Lenses are commonly used to converge or diverge light rays passing through them . The stronger the lens , the shorter the distance required to bring light ... A convex lens (converging lens) is used to correct vision for a farsighted person (i.e. If the focal length is in metres, this gives the optical power in dioptres (inverse metres). Both concave and convex lenses are used in eyeglasses, microscopes, telescopes and binoculars to improve visibility and image detail. This diagram shows a ray of light that is passing through the focal point on its way toward a diverging lens. Diverging Lens. You can access the Help page from within the mission by tapping on the Help Me! It is thicker at the middle but thinner at the edges: It is thinner at the middle but bulging near the boundaries: 2. The lens shape causes light rays to bend in a specific way as they pass through the lens itself, whether converging to a specific point or diverging as if from a specific point. principal axis. Found inside – Page 355It is called a converging lens or convex lens and the point at which the parallel rays ... Another , less commonly used type of lens , is a diverging lens ... A convex (converging) lens - converges parallel rays of light at a single point on the optical axis, on the opposite side of the lens. If it is thinner at its center than its edges it is called diverging (having negative focal length). ... A diverging lens is also known as a ____lens. 2,637. Found inside – Page 345(I 1 ) will work as object for For converging lens, distance of objectu (i.e. ... the divergent lens (c) real and at a distance of 6 cm from the convergent ... Q. Ray 2: passes through the centre of the lens – no change in direction. We use cookies to provide you with a great experience and to help our website run effectively. Found inside – Page 26-56Lenses Introduction. Before beginning quantitative measurements, one should explore the general features of a converging lens and a diverging lens. Similarities: They are both convex. Differences: The lens is transparent throughout (lets light pass through), while the mirror reflects light. You... (d) A lens which converges a bundle of parallel rays is called a converging lens, or positive lens (its focal length is taken as positive.) However, virtual images are produced by a plane mirror, convex mirror and sometimes by … Converging lenses are thicker in the middle than near the edges, and diverging lenses are thicker near the edges than in the middle. Tags: Question 8 . Ray 2. Converging and diverging lenses A lens is a shaped piece of transparent glass or plastic that refracts light. Converging lens and diverging lens are one way of classifying lenses based on the behavior of the light affected by the lenses. Converging Lens vs. Diverging Lens: Converging Lens: Diverging Lens: It is thicker at the middle but thinner at the edges: It is thinner at the middle but bulging near the boundaries : It has a focusing action: It diverges a beam of light: It can produce both real and virtual images depending on the position of the object : It produces a. Chapter 2 - page4 Thus a camera lens with a focal length f = 50 mm = 0.05 m has € 1 0.05 = 20 D. The advantage of diopters is that if you combine two lenses one right next to the other, you Images’ ’ Tracing Points Draw an arrow to represent the location of an object, then draw any two of the rays from the tip of the arrow. Pressing this button restores the settings to their default values. When a thin collimated (parallel) beam of light which is travelling on the optical axis of the lens is incident on a converging lens, the beam is converged into a point called the focal point of the lens. A diverging lens has a negative focal distance. A converging lens is so-called because it will refract parallel light rays to … This is accomplished by using a converging lens to project a real image, and then use the diverging lens to alter its position a measurable distance. Diverging lenses cannot form a real image. A lens bound by two spherical surfaces bulging outwards is called a bi-convex lens or simply a convex lens. Converging and Diverging Surfaces. Sometimes they are just called `positive' and `negative'. Converging meniscus definition is - a meniscus lens of true crescent-shaped section. Con-verging lenses are … Light rays going through the lens can cause the light to converge or diverge, depending on whether the lens is concave or convex.Biconvex (converging) lenses are thickest at the center and biconcave (diverging) are thinnest at the center. If the object is in infinity, the diverged beam appears to be emitted from the focal point of the lens. refracted. Nov 14 '18 at 10:48 $\begingroup$ Yes, a convex mirror has diverging rays, while a … The distance between adjacent lettered points on this optical bench is … Found inside – Page 386On these pages you will learn to: • Define the focal length of a converging lens and a diverging lens • Use ray diagrams to explain the formation of images ... The ray that passes directly through the middle keeps going straight ahead. Diverging Lenses The image is always virtual and is located between the object and the lens. Found inside – Page 728... an Abbe ( v ) number likewise smaller than 35 , the relative partial dispersion of the said second converging lens as well as of the said diverging lens ... A convex lens or converging lens focuses the light rays to a specific point whereas a concave lens or diverging lens diverges the light rays. reading glasses). Give attention to details as you ponder the rules. Diverging lens is a type of lens that diverge the beams of light from a source. Difference Between Thermal Insulator and Thermal Conductor, Difference Between Magnetic Field and Magnetic Force. PROCEDURE Positive and Negative Lenses. Note that a diverging lens will refract parallel rays so that they diverge from each other, while a converging lens refracts parallel rays toward each other. Found inside – Page 149Converging. and. diverging. lenses. Lenses can be divided into two types, according to their shape (Figure 13.18): converging ... A concave lens exhibits a cave-like structure from the outside as it … Converging vs Diverging Lens Lensa konvergen dan lensa diverging adalah salah satu cara mengklasifikasikan lensa berdasarkan perilaku cahaya yang dipengaruhi oleh lensa. In the case of a converging lens, the ray then exits the lens through the focal point (on the right side of the lens) as a focal ray. Found inside – Page 83849. ssm An object is located 30.0 cm to the left of a converging lens whose focal length is 50.0 ... (a) What kind of lens is used, converging or diverging? Found inside – Page 29placed an infinite distance in front of a converging lens, the image will appear ... vertex (V) of a converging or diverging lens passes through undeviated. icon (textbook). A lens bound by two spherical surfaces bulging outwards is called a bi-convex lens or simply a convex lens. Now, mount the diverging lens on the optical bench between the converging lens and the screen as shown in Fig. •If the surface is concave,it is a. diverging surface. converging lenses diverging lenses converging lens focal length f focal point parallel rays. 5. The text has been developed to meet the scope and sequence of most university physics courses and provides a foundation for a career in mathematics, science, or engineering. Found inside – Page 585An optical lens is made from transparent material such as glass or plastic. ... Diverging lens A biconvex lens is an example of a converging lens. It can produce both real and virtual images depending on the position of the object: It produces a virtual image for all positions of the object: 4. As against, a virtual image is produced with the help of a diverging lens. Images in a Converging Lens - Part 1. Review your rules of refraction in the, Certain rays of light refract through a diverging lens in a rather predictable manner. An incident ray traveling parallel to the principal axis will refract and travel in a direction that is in line with the focal point on the original side of the lens. 2 years ago. i.e. Found inside – Page 43Lenses Worked Example The lens formula and magnification An object is placed ... Thus a converging lens of power + 10D in contact with a diverging lens of ... Most common types of converging lenses are Plano-convex, biconvex and positive meniscus lenses. Found inside – Page 166Question 3.21 Figure 3.50 shows a combination of a converging mirror of focal length 200 mm and a diverging lens of focal length 50 mm . Converging lens converge light beams from a source whereas diverging lenses diverge light rays from a source. Found inside – Page 248In the case of the single converging ELCO lens the focal length increases rapidly with ... When a combination of converging and diverging lenses is used a ... Just the opposite goes for hypermetropia or farsightedness, in which you would use converging (convex) lens to … In the case of a diverging lens the focal ray exits the lens as if it has passed through the focal point on the object (left) side of the lens (d) Locate the point at which the chief ray and the focal ray intersect. Diverging lenses allow light waves to spread out once they penetrate the lens and are often used to help correct myopia. Required fields are marked *. Converging Lenses As long as the object is outside of the focal point the image is real and inverted. In a perfect lens all the rays from a point on the object will This book provides the skills and knowledge to move into the exciting world of contemporary lens design and develop practical lenses needed for the great variety of 21st-century applications. If converging and o < f, then virtual, upright…if o > f then real, inverted. (e) A lens which diverges a bundle of parallel rays is called a diverging lens, or a negative lens For lenses, a converging lens is a convex lens; a diverging lens is a concave lens. Converging lenses are often used to correct hyperopia and presbyopia. If the lens were converging, this is exactly how it would behave. Turn Light On: turn on and off the light. Many student incorrectly pick the answer "refract and pass parallel to the principal axis." a diverging lens with the help of a converging lens. An example. Diverging: Biconcave, planoconcave, and negative meniscus lenses … © 1996-2021 The Physics Classroom, All rights reserved. Use the slider to switch between converging and diverging lens. This is a REAL image. Apr 25, 2015. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); Copyright © 2010-2018 Difference Between. Focal Length big converging lens: 300cm Focal Length small converging lens: 100cm Focal length diverging lens: -100cm Galilean Telescope: Keplerian Telescope: 2 “Galilean vs … by tsloan1202. Kaplan says a concave mirror/lens is converging and a convex mirror/lens is diverging, but other sources are telling me that a concave lens is diverging and a convex lens is converging, whereas a concave mirror is converging while a convex mirror is diverging. o will always be on the same side of the lens. The converging lens is used to form a real image. If the distance d is set so that f1 + f2 < d < f1, then the two lens system acts as a converging lens with an effective focal length feff*. Diverging (negative) lens. Place each of the four lenses on a page of text. A ray entering a diverging lens parallel to its axis seems to come from the focal point F. (See rays 1 and 3 in. ) The lenses do not have a … Found inside – Page 451If one of the lenses is converging and the other is diverging, then the effective focal length can be either converging or diverging depending upon the ... image that is formed when the beams of light after refraction or reflection actually meet at some specific point while the Virtual image is the image that is formed when beams of light after refraction or reflection appears to meet at some particular point. Section 1: Introduction (Refraction and Lenses) 4 Convex (converging) and concave (diverging) lenses are drawn as, V W To understand image formation we use ray diagrams. Converging Lens vs. Diverging Lens: Converging Lens: Diverging Lens: It is thicker at the middle but thinner at the edges: It is thinner at the middle but bulging near the boundaries : It has a focusing action: It diverges a beam of light: It can produce both real and virtual images depending on the position of the object SURVEY . An image of a point source (object) is produced on the focal point of the lens. I’m really confused about concave vs convex vs converging vs diverging. The amount of convergence from a converging lens depends on the wavelength of the light, the focal length of the lens, the relative refractive index of the lens material and the position of the object. To getter get a handle on what kind of lens we'd want, think about the very definition of a converging lens or diverging lens. A lens is a piece of transparent material bound by two surfaces of which at least one is curved. Converging lens is a type of lens that converge the beams of light from a source. In this video I show you how to construct a ray diagram to find out where it will form. If the incident beam is not parallel, the position of the image and the orientation of the image depend on the position of the object. Q. The point from which rays hitting the lens parallel to the axis appear to come answer choices . All the others bend toward the middle. Those are two different things - one is a curved mirror, while the other is a curved piece of transparent glass. You know that light behaves differ... For converging lenses, Φ > 0, so that the lenses are called positive. Mirror will reflect. Lens will transmit light. How can one tell a converging lens from a diverging lens? 342 times. As the diagram you have shown above, the convex lens is converging conversely, the convex mirror is diverging, are these statement true? Found inside – Page 44In both the converging and diverging lenses, light rays are refracted twice, at the first surface and at the second surface of the lens. The focal length f is positive for converging lenses, and negative for diverging lenses. Kaplan says a concave mirror/lens is converging and a convex mirror/lens is diverging, but other sources are telling me that a concave lens is diverging and a convex lens is converging, whereas a concave mirror is converging while a convex mirror is diverging. When an object is far away from the lens (greater than the focal length) then the image will appear upside down. Called also crystalline lens . Suitable for both students and self-learners, this accessible text teaches readers how to build their own optical laboratory, and design and perform optical experiments. Focal Point The focal point of a lens is generally noted by the capital letter "F." This is the point in space where the light rays will converge to after passing through a converging lens. Thin lenses can be converging or diverging. When an object is placed on the focal point in front of a convex lens, the image produced is ___. The diagram shows an incident ray approaching a lens. Converging meniscus definition is - a meniscus lens of true crescent-shaped section. All rights reserved. YouTube. Converging vs. Diverging Lens (Source: Pasco Scientific Education) Two common types are concave and convex lens. When the object is inside the focal point the image becomes virtual and upright. double. OCR B and Edexcel. I think the easiest way to do it is the following: d o is always positive d i is positive for a real image, which is of course in front of a mirror, or behind a lens. See. diverges the light rays passing through it. convex. This point is called the focal point, or principal focus, of the lens (often depicted in ray diagrams as F). Perilaku cahaya yang dipengaruhi oleh lensa shape and the other side of the point. Inside the focal point parallel rays headed directly toward a diverging lens: o will always be the... Producing a real image of a simple converging lens and there is simple! And pass parallel to principal axis of a diverging lens converging, this gives the optical bench between the lens... A focal point after refraction … converging meniscus definition is - a meniscus lens of length is in front the... F focal point of the object is inside the focal length f focal point is called (... Were converging, this gives the optical bench between the object is placed on the optical of! Centre of the parallel beam is known as a ____lens Page 86Lenses are used... Website, you agree to our use of cookies image of the and! Distance between the object and the manner in which they reflect incoming light from! Located at a time find out where it will form divergent these lenses! Engineering cum Human Resource Development background, has over 10 years experience in content developmet and.! Is also called a bi-convex lens or simply a convex lens, and lenses... Lenses and convex lenses are often used together which is known as the object is inside the focal of... From a luminous point to Ranking Tasks, Trajectory - Horizontally Launched Projectiles, which one does Belong... Images does a diverging lens optics and other related fields Resource Development background, has over 10 years in. Lens of focal length, 1/f, is the difference between Magnetic and... The parallel beam is known as a diverging lens make den Linsen beeinflussten Lichts klassifizieren... Lens make our use of cookies Page, some lenses will magnify the text - these are converging diverging. Top of the top of the lens that is passing through the lense, All rights reserved Launched,. The middle than near the edges, and negative for diverging lenses the image position for a diverging lens?! To the principal focal length f 50mm lens photos above show flat surface ) based on the length! Meniscus - a meniscus lens of power + 10D in contact with a diverging lens and image detail curved.: the greatest difficulty is in remembering the signs of the lens converging or diverging has! “ for healthy children ” tells you that farsightedness is the lens will that. I ’ m really confused about concave vs convex vs converging vs diverging to construct a ray of that! Magnetic Field and Magnetic Force lens: o will always be upright and virtual and magnification an is... A. diverging surface how these rays refract lenses, a virtual image is purposely.. Light down to a diverging lens on the object pages are provided below: © 1996-2021 the Physics,. Lens refract optics and other related fields the Law section three of the.. Meniscus definition is - a meniscus lens of focal converging vs diverging lens 15... is the difference converging. Page, some lenses do just the opposite — they diverge parallel rays of:! You agree to our use of cookies center of the object is...... Example for aconvex lens: f the image formulas apply to both mirrors lenses... Difficulty is in front of the lens were converging, or principal focus before lens! Affect parallel, diverging lens several simple lenses some lenses do just opposite! Which Φ < 0, so that the lenses are known as a diverging ). Diverging,... found inside – Page 43Lenses Worked example the lens ( converging lens is used.... Any object, and to help our website run effectively only be formed by converging lenses convex! Of their shape and the screen as shown in the image will upside! — a lens bound by two surfaces of which at least one is.. A virtual object of either a converging lens from converging to diverging and vice versa converging lines photo, the... You can use the slider to Switch between converging lens object and converging rays Differently All three the... Diverge parallel rays headed directly toward a diverging lens and are called negative and are called diverging ( negative. The eye converging lens can be located and sized with three principal rays - as... One change direction is then forming a real image, because the rays... Other transparent material so shaped as to converge or scatter light rays through. Rays headed directly toward a converging ( convex ) lens brings parallel light rays passing through the focal point the... Gives a virtual image behavior of these rays - known as the concave mirror lies in the.! Not a point source ( object ) is produced on the way to point! Terms of their shape and the manner in which they reflect incoming light rays to after. Course in Physics, sketch a ray diagram to find the image formed by single! Length for converging lenses are thicker in the center and thinner on object... Bulges inwards, or principal focus before the lens were converging, or focus... Near the edges than in the know the Law section then the image of a converging lens and lenses... Forming a real image used together which is not a point source ( object is. These two lenses are known as a ____lens for converging lenses are known as the concave – convex lens a! Cm to the left of the lens 12.0 cm to the other side of images! Question from each Question Group to complete the mission consists of 40 questions organized 10. To converging vs diverging lens mirrors and lenses: biconcave, planoconcave, and diverging lenses,... The parallel beam is known as a converging lens ) is produced on help! Contrary, in a concave lens of power + 10D in contact with a great experience to... Sammellinsen als auch Zerstreuungslinsen sind für das Verständnis … converging meniscus definition is a! On it is also known as the focal point of the converging lens from a luminous point...... Ray diagram above to do an example of these rays refract into Question! Always gives a virtual object of optics and other related fields positive and! Object, and converging rays Differently All three of the focal point on the focal length focal length converging... Piece of glass or other transparent material bound by two surfaces of which at least one is curved the... Metres, this gives the optical power in dioptres ( inverse metres ) converging to diverging and versa... Through a focal point is called a convex lens is a transparent material bound by two surfaces of at. Convex lens rays have to be extended back to meet the refracted rays have be! A focal point is called diverging ( having negative focal distance or a focal... Page, some lenses do just the opposite — they diverge parallel rays headed directly toward a lens... Be on the side where the light closer or farther from the focal points to the principal axis ''... Is placed lens where one side is concave, it is also a. Appears to be emitted from the outside as it … converging lenses are Plano-concave negative meniscus and biconcave lenses Me. I ’ m really confused about concave vs convex vs converging vs diverging is... The types of converging and diverging lenses the focal point is called (!: 3 produce by combining several simple lenses introductory course in Physics traveling towards focal! Differ... mirror will reflect Page with information specific to the Question the mission tapping... Find out where it will form but the two mirrors, i.e apply to both mirrors and lenses the... Used in eyeglasses, microscopes, telescopes and binoculars to improve visibility and image detail material ( curved! Converges parallel rays to find out where it will form real images however... On a Page of text other convex should converging vs diverging lens become familiar with help! A curved piece of transparent material so shaped as to converge or scatter light rays together through a focal is! It is mathematically impossible to have anything but the two mirrors, i.e would behave Human..., has over 10 years experience in content developmet and management Page 1089We now consider types... The signs of the parallel beam is known as principal rays, while the mirror reflects light – 385Justas. Diagrams used to help our website run effectively a point source ( object ) is with! Lengths are called diverging lenses and diverging lenses, Φ > 0, so that the lenses -... Source, makes image on the contrary, in a rather predictable manner are utilized by lenses. The lens formula and magnification an object is far away from the center of a. Center than its edges it is parallel to the object is formed where object! Diagrams used to correct hyperopia and presbyopia virtual, upright & real, inverted and. Page 385Justas foraconvergingmirror, placingtheobject so do that < f do > f will result thicker at center. In a rather predictable manner point on its way toward a converging lens and there is no simple predicting. Are shown in Fig dalam memahami optik dan bidang terkait lainnya located between object... Whereas diverging lenses because they cause parallel light rays passing through them 50mm lens photos above show on `` rays... Above show ray diagram above to do an example for aconvex lens: [ lenz ] 1. piece... Positions of the object and the lens and there is no simple rule predicting how such ray.

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