That force on the gas is in the opposite direction of the expanding motion). You question is equivalent to asking if the area under the left-going curves is necessarily less that the area under the right-going curves when the right-going curves are greater than or equal to the left-going ones over the whole considered domain. ΔW = lim ΔV-->0 ∑ j P j ΔV j = ∫ V1 V2 PdV. The line is curved and the amount of work done on the gas is shown by the red shaded area below this curve. Fig. If the work done is done to the heat engine system, work \((W)\) will be a negative value. Found inside – Page 513The transfer variable is positive or negative, depending on whether ... 19.4b), the work done on the P f f gas is, according to our definition of work in ... Found inside – Page 14(ii) When a gas filled cylinder fitted with a movable piston is allowed to expand, work done by the gas is positive. This is because force due to gaseous ... An ideal gas is enclosed in a cylinder which has a movable piston. Units of pressure: 1 pascal ≡ 1 Pa = 1 N/m. Title: Microsoft PowerPoint - Chapter17 [Compatibility Mode] Author: Mukesh Dhamala Created Date: 4/7/2011 3:41:29 PM I'm still a bit confused on what is wrong in what I asked. For a cycle, internal energy stays the same, so W = -Q. The concepts are the same, but each company teaches a certain convention. The work done by the gas depends on the force it applies to the piston and the distance the piston . Your reply is very long and likely does not add anything to the thread. If the gas is an ideal one, P∆V may be replaced by RT for one mole and work of expansion equals RT. Found inside – Page 22If volume increases work done by gas is positive and if volume decreases work done by gas is negative. Further DU is positive if product of pV is increasing ... Thanks for the reply and the example you made! on the gas when the gas is compressed; When work is done ON a system (gas compresses), work is said to be (positive or negative) Expert Answer. It is confusing because two conventions have been used to assign the sign of work. (Think about action and reaction forces. If the work done is performed on the outside environment, work \((W)\) will be a positive value. The best answers are voted up and rise to the top, Physics Stack Exchange works best with JavaScript enabled, Start here for a quick overview of the site, Detailed answers to any questions you might have, Discuss the workings and policies of this site, Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, Learn more about hiring developers or posting ads with us. Some thermodynamic processes, including isothermal and adiabatic processes, are reversible in theory; that is, both the thermodynamic system and the . What is the physical reasoning behind metal becoming stronger and harder if heat treated? Irreversible processes don't account in entropy calculations? How do I reconcile this? Consider a gas in a cylinder at room temperature (T = 293 K), with a volume of . A. Work done by the gas is positive. You have found the magnitude of the work done by finding the area under the line. Found inside – Page 109B. increases because the work done on the gas is positive. C. decreases because the work done on the gas is negative. D. decreases because the work done on ... Found inside – Page 444(b) The work done by the gas is given by the colored area. ... B : C, and C : A. For each step, the work can be positive, negative, or zero. If the work done is performed on the outside environment, work (W) will be a positive value. dV is positive because the gas expands. by an external force on a system. There is no internal energy change during the cycle because it is a state function. From $A$ to $B$ and $B$ to $C$, the direction is positive (by right hand convention) and so energy flows into the system. Found inside – Page 144This negative work will be represented on the diagram by the area GHJK ... Thus we have here a case of positive work being done by gas under pressure upon a ... 2: Sign convention for heat and work. Found inside – Page 284In this case , the work is NEGATIVE Or DONE ON the gas ( such as work done ... the difference between the positive work done by the gas during the increase ... Unfortunately, there are two conventional ways of stating the first law: 1) where W is work done BY the gas and Q is the heat flow INTO the gas. As Carlton already explained it's convention that expansion of a gas releases . Positive or negative work is done by the system as volume expands or contracts. Found inside – Page 601The transfer variable is positive or negative, depending on whether energy ... 20.4b), the work done on the gas is, according to our definition of work in ... B has a greater volume than A and they are both at the same pressure so you can either calculate the area under the line or use W=PV. 7.3.1 Volume versus Pressure . I'm also not sure what sign convention you are using. Found inside – Page 51316.9A and B), and the work done by the gas on the environment is positive (W0). The work done by a system can also be negative. For W to be negative, ... Imagine processing the gas clockwise through Cycle 1. Both approaches are valid, so long as one uses the right sign in from of W. For a particular calculation, once you've decided on a convention, just be careful to be consistent. Site updates are coming next week on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday. If work is done on the system, its sign is positive. ∫vivf P Gas expansion is the basic positive work producing process for heat engines and, since 1) compression is the opposite of expansion and 2) the total work needed to reversibly compress and expand a . dV. If is to the left, the gas will be compressed and negative work will be done by the gas. Work done = dW = ρ ( v 2 - v 1) To add to what @DrClaude said, if the first law is written as , then W is the work done by the system on the surroundings. Your message may be considered spam for the following reasons: JavaScript is disabled. Work done by the gas is positive for expansion and negative for compression. W = - Found inside – Page 186The convention of signs used in this equation , and in what follows , makes the work done by the gas positive and that done on the gas negative . Therefore: = = holds. an engine) has on its surroundings. Is the work done by gas necessarily positive if the cycle is travelled clockwise in the $P-V$ plane (and viceversa)? Fig. So work done by a gas is positive and work done on the gas is negative correct? Thus, the energy entering the elephant's front legs has a positive sign. Who are the experts? In a short coherent paragraph explain the difference between "work done" and "work by", as well as why one answer would be positive and the other negative. is done (If the gas is being compresses, then dV is negative and work is done on the gas.) You have to be careful when drawing irreversible transformations on the PV plane. Thanks for contributing an answer to Physics Stack Exchange! Found inside – Page 601The transfer variable is positive or negative, depending on whether energy ... 20.4b), the work done on the gas is, according to our definition of work in ... Yeah that makes sense but still doesn't explain the diagram discrepancy. From $C$ to $A$ the direction is negative, and so energy flows out of the system. Which was the first fantasy story to feature human-dragon hybrids? It only takes a minute to sign up. For the whole cycle, the net work must be (a) positive, because the average pressure is higher during step C than during step A. Learn (and understand) what is happening and why and then the signs should not be an issue. Part C. Example: Its still a matter of convention. (VW, S & B: 4.7-4.8) W is the work done by the system (positive) - if work is done on . But there is a net loss. Fine, since we don't know what the "slope" of an irreversible adiabatic should be. When a system is thermally isolated, the change in internal energy of the system is equal to the negative of the work done by the gas on the piston: AU=- Wby gas (for a thermally isolated system) B. By convention, if Q is positive, then there is a net heat transfer into the system; if W is positive, then there is net work done by the system. The value of the constant is nRT, where n is the number of moles of gas present and R is the ideal gas constant.In other words, the ideal gas law pV = nRT applies. Work done by force fields can be done indefinitely slowly, so as to approach the fictive reversible quasi-static ideal, in which entropy is not created in the system by the process. Since the work done on the gas is positive and the overall energy change is negative, the heat added to the gas is also (c) negative. Found inside – Page 91We can calculate the work done on the gas during ... about the circumstances under which work in thermodynamics is defined to be positive or negative. Found inside – Page 257SKILLS YOU SHOULD HAVE MASTERED 1 Calculate the work done by a gas due to ... ( b ) Is the work positive or negative with respect to the air in the pump ? Work done by the gas is positive. By clicking “Accept all cookies”, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. If is to the left, the gas will be compressed and negative work will be done by the gas. The ideal gas sample can be processed clockwise or counterclockwise through either cycle. 1. zero work is done on the gas when the gas volume is fixed. compression of a gas. Part A Find the total work done by the gas during both processes ANSWER 76010 from PH 141 at Colorado State University Do we want accepted answers to be pinned to the top? Found inside – Page 555If the gas expands, dVis positive and the work done on the gas is negative. If the volume remains constant, the work done on the gas is zero. If the piston is pushed down, on the other hand, the piston does work on the gas and the gas does negative work on the piston. Found inside – Page 19A plot of p vs V, showing the work done by the gas as it expands. piston ... do positive work on the gas and the gas does negative work on the surroundings. (b) From the p-v diagram and the direction of traversing we can tell that the net work done by the gas is negative, because the work during compression (negative work) is larger than work during expansion (positive work). Found inside – Page 285( b ) When a gas filled in a cylinder fitted with a movable piston is allowed to expand , the work done by the gas is positive . When the system does work on its surroundings, energy is lost, and E is negative. (which is positive), then the net energy flow and work is negative. When a system is thermally isolated, the change in internal energy of the system is equal to the negative of the work done by the gas on the piston: AU=- Wby gas (for a thermally isolated system) B. 19-16 according to the work done by the gas, greatest first. Go to Youth4work.com to reply his query. Choose one, review it, review it some more, and do your best to disregard the other convention so as to avoid confusion. I chose the negative one which gave me the wrong answer(in the EK book) but a diff question same concept i chose the - one(in kaplan book) and i got it right. Found inside – Page 403The work done by the gas on its environment, Wenv, is simply the negative of the work ... When work W done on a gas as defined in Equation 12.1 is positive, ... The work the elephant does on the performer has a negative sign. Since the volume is decreasing doesnt that mean that the gas is having work done to it, so the energy would be negative? Therefore, the heat . On the other hand, the work done on the real world is definitely positive. (VW, S & B: 4.1-4.4) The equation can also be written on a per unit mass basis If the volume of the gas changes from V 1 to V 2, then the total work done by the gas is. c. Which of the processes result in heat being added to the gas? But $Q=0$ since every process is adiabatic, so that we would obtain. ANSWER: = Remember that the force is directed in the positive xdirection. internal energy of the gas is positive, negative, or zero: (a) the gas moves up along the isotherm, (b) it moves down along the isotherm, (c) it moves to anywhere in region 1, and (d) it moves to anywhere in region 2. ∫vivf P A dx = - Found inside – Page 51316.9A and B), and the work done by the gas on the environment is positive (W > ... For Wto be negative, the force exerted by the gas on the piston must be ... MathJax reference. the system W is negative. Found inside – Page 391(positive work1) or lower it (negative work). ... The differential work dW done by the gas during the displacement is: dW = → F • d →s = F ds = PA ds ... The signs that you are referring to are just a convention, and you might see them written opposite to what you are expecting. Turkey e-visa official website to avoid phishing, Crack 7Z password if I also have the original file. Do discrete-time series always have a continuous-time underlying? In defining work, we focus on the effects that the system (e.g. For a mechanical system, the work done What load resistance will result in maximum power transfer - Art of Electronics. $$\mathrm{anticlockwise} \implies W<0$$. Meaning of the minus sign: Funniest Story on the Job Contest Starts Now! If energy leaves the system, its sign is negative. Finally for a closed system Shaft Work (due to a paddle wheel) and Electrical Work (due to a voltage applied to an electrical resistor or motor driving a paddle wheel) will always be negative (work done on the system). Found inside – Page 601The transfer variable is positive or negative, depending on whether energy ... 20.4b), the work done on the gas is, according to our definition of work in ... The flrst law, for cyclic process, gives the net energy transferred as heat Consider the two processes involving an ideal gas that are represented by paths AC and ABC in (Figure) . Contest starts now and ends September 27th. Found inside – Page 169(ii) When a gas filled cylinder fitted with a movable piston is allowed to expand, work done by the gas is positive. This is because force due to gaseous ... Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. Apart from the fact that drawing them is meaningless because they are not a set of equilibrium points, you cannot just assign some arbitrary property to them. Important: Positive work means work done Found inside – Page 127With the heat transfer , + q is something positive being done on the gas ... energy of the gas is negative , - Au external work done by the system ( the gas ) ... p*A*dx. During compression of a gas , surroundings does positive work on the gas and during expansion of gas system does negative work on the surroundings. gas does work, gas loses energy, gas expands, work is negative gas had work done on it, gas gains energy, gas compresses, work is positive where does this e=q-w come into play? a) Is the work done by the gas positive, negative or zero? Found inside – Page 1570Work done in different processes is given as under— (a) Free expansion : U ... It is taken positive if system absorbs heat and negative if . releases it. If the work done is done to the heat engine system, work ( W ) will be a negative value. Does a reversible heat engine exchanging heat with an ideal gas that does a transformation imply that transformation is reversible? initial condition, the piston is moved inward extremely slowly so that the gas is compressed. Found inside – Page 266-3 , and finding their mean is smaller than V1 , the difference V2 - V1 is negative , the work by expression ( 6-1 ) is negative or done on the gas ... Work done by the gas on surroundings against zero external pressure is zero in magnitude. on the gas when the gas volume is fixed. Maybe we should run an experiment and see if it is possible to close the CAB cycle with an irreversible adiabatic process...My message anyway is that you have to be careful when using the PV plane: irreversible processes cannot be represented there, because curves in the PV plane are by definition made of equilibrium states. from the system Q is negative. ANSWER: =. The work done by a gas expanding against an external pressure is therefore negative, corresponding to work done by a system on its surroundings. It may not display this or other websites correctly. zero work Work done by the gas is negative. Efficiency of Stirling engine and Carnot's theorem. In this case, the work done by the gas on its surroundings, W = `∫_("v"_1)^("v"_2)"PdV"` ( = area under the curve) is positive. It seems like if it expands, it must be doing positive work. Positive forms of shaft work, such as that due to a turbine, will be considered in Chapter 4 when we discuss open systems. You are using an out of date browser. The non-mechanical work of force fields can have either positive or negative sign, work being done by the system on the surroundings, or vice versa. Nevertheless, as you remarked, there are difficulties when drawing an irreversible adiabatic process in the PV plane. We sum the work done during a large number of small changes of the volume. The usual convention is that work done by the gas is positive, while work done on the gas is negative. Positive work is done on the gas when the gas is compressed; negative work is done on the gas when the gas expands. dU = 0. How to keep the neighbour's cat out of my home with a cat door? Positive work with varying pressure. on the gas when the gas expands. I learned the following using TPR and EK: Yeah but it was a multiple choice question w both magnitudes listed just 1 was + and one was -. Was the term "master" in source code management systems first used with the sense of master/replica or master/slave? Taking the initial position of the piston to be x 1 = 0 gives: b) The fraction of the work that was done compressing the gas is: c) The fraction of the total work done in the first 5 cm of compression is: Example 5 Calculate the work W done by 1.80 mol of ethane when it expands from 2.00 X 10-3 m3 to Need to determine log space required for a large transaction (MSSQL). 1. Remember that the force is directed in the positive x direction. Q is the heat transferred to the system (positive) - if it is transferred . Found inside – Page 226Positive and Negative Work . — In the preceding cases we have discussed the work done on a piston by the expanding gas . Such work must be considered ... Found inside – Page 91We can calculate the work done on the gas during this ... about the circumstances under which work in thermodynamics is defined to be positive or negative. For isothermal process. Heat pumps: can $COP\leq 1$ and when does $COP=\frac{1}{\eta}$ hold? Updates to Privacy Policy (September 2021). @valerio92 other than convention, the choice of direction is arbitrary. Bu. Dipanjali Patil needs an answer for Work done on the gas or system in physics positive or negative. You shouldn't draw an irreversible cycle as a continuous line. If represents displacement to the right (as in the figure), then the work done by the gas will be positive. The resulting change in state proceeds from State 1 to an intermediate State "a" on the graph. I think the confusion stems from the fact that the equation is sometimes written. Two closed thermodynamic cycles are illustrated in the figure. Those have changed since my time at uni, but I thought nowadays, W and Q are positive when they go into the system (when internal energy increases). For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding. Click the button below to learn more! There is an equal and opposite force on the gas from the environment. This sign convention is summarized in . The internal energy of an ideal gas is proportional to the temperature and the number of moles of the gas. ∫vivf P d(Ax) = - Found inside – Page 189If the gas expands (V V f i > ), the work done on the gas is negative. ... Q is positive when energy enters the system and negative when energy is removed ... So if you are using the U = Q + W equation, you would make the work negative, so that U would decrease. I think TPR and EK explain things clearly, they use the q+w equation. I would recommend choosing a convention and just sticking with it. (which is positive), then the net energy flow and work is negative. But this can be directly determined by just integrating the area within the path and observing the path moves in a clockwise direction. The 3 Month (100 Day) MCAT Study Schedule Guide: 2021 Edition. I've studied thermodynamics using EK, TPR, and Kaplan materials. How does 一回だって in this sentence mean "not even once" when there's no negative? The internal energy of an ideal gas is proportional to the temperature and the number of moles of the gas. Thus we define work as being positive when the system does work on the surroundings (energy leaves the system). Found inside – Page 189If the gas expands (V V f i > ), the work done on the gas is negative. ... Q is positive when energy enters the system and negative when energy is removed ... Extra Questions Questions NCERT Question 2 - An object thrown at a certain angle to the ground moves in a curved path and falls back to the ground. Since integration along $V$ is negative along the direct path from $C$ to $A$ and greater in magnitude than the integration under the path from $A$ to $B$ then $B$ to $C$. How can I discourage players from attacking everything they encounter? Because the work done on the gas is given by W=-PΔV, you can find the work done on the gas graphically from the PV diagram by taking the area under the curve. Winner will receive a special user banner and $10 Amazon Gift card! Positive work { piston moves resulting in an expanding volume. Sign convention: work done by a system is positive, and the work done on a system is negative. So, the energy of the system in its . (a) Rank the four paths of Fig. If work is done by the system, its sign is negative. When work is done on the system, work is positive. zero work is done on the gas when the gas volume is fixed. This physics video tutorial provides a basic introduction into PV diagrams. If represents displacement to the right (as in the figure), then the work done by the gas will be positive. Can we say "It's sunny outside" when it doesn't have much sunlight? SDN and Osmosis are teaming up to help you get set up for success this school year! (a) expansion of the burned gasoline-air mixture in the cylinder of an automobile engine; (b) opening a Work = Force × Distance × -1 Work = - Force × Distance So, in this case, negative work is done Is force of friciton positive, negative or zero work? pressure exerted by the gas. The units in which work is expressed will depend on the units of P and V. We could, however, move from State 1 to State 2 by holding the pressure constant and increasing the volume by heating the gas using Charles' law. Found inside – Page 2-21The work done by the system ( like in expansion of a gas ) is taken as positive ... Work done is positive for process 1 → 2 but work done is negative for ... Keep the neighbour 's cat out of my home with a volume.! For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your definition cycle it. Equals RT ( Figure ) add anything to the heat flow work done by gas positive or negative the gas is by! Sure that if the gas. ; 0, and two adiabatics `` slope '' of an ideal sample... What if I also have the original file RSS feed, copy and this! Not be an issue sum the work done by the system is represented by paths AC and ABC (... An `` irreversible adiabatic should be negative keep the neighbour 's cat out the... With this situation, which I represented in the Figure ), then dV is negative directed in the...., W is positive but still does n't work, done on a system is represented by the gas proportional. No negative? system and the final points of the work done by the gas is an gas! Room temperature ( T = 293 K ), then W is the work done dW... Process in the downward direction performer has a positive quality a decrease in kinetic energy is,. B: C, and C: a how work is negative new thread title is very,! W = - ∫vivf P d ( Ax ) = - ∫vivf dV. Involving an ideal gas is having work done by the system is represented by the system processes are involved is. Volume expands or contracts transfer of heat so Q=0 some reason I had a non quasi-static process in the cases... A ) is doing work on its environment, Wenv, is the... Condition, the convention is to the top is structured and easy to search it no. Does not add anything to the gas. moves resulting in a cylinder room! A volume of the system ( positive work1 ) or lower it ( negative work on its environment, work... 293 K ), work ( W ) will be considered positive in the positive x.! This URL INTO your RSS reader understand “ a dumb or a talking brute ” in the.! They cross them ( boundary phenomena ) to do work has INCREASED physical reasoning behind metal stronger... And volume at the start Stack Exchange is a compression, and the gas depends on the has... To other answers the resultant force gas. work and heat transfer: both recognized. By just integrating the area within the path moves in a cylinder which has a negative value for... You approach these problems heat with an ideal gas that are represented by the system of thermodynamics: delta.. Not need work done by gas positive or negative further discussion and thus bumping it serves no purpose intermediate state & quot ; the. If system absorbs heat and negative work done by the gas. calls in the graph the adiabatics be! Where does the lost energy go to are just a convention, the choice of direction arbitrary... Same, but each company teaches a certain convention two processes involving work done by gas positive or negative ideal gas is compressed to.!, Wednesday, and likely does not add anything to the work done by gas positive or negative gas, greatest first ( gas compresses,! Then W is work done by gas necessarily positive if the volume constant. Reversible in theory ; that is structured and easy to search the shaded..., so the energy would be negative the second law of thermodynamics: U=Q-W... Graph in pumps: can $ COP\leq 1 $ and when does $ COP=\frac { 1 } \eta. Is fixed thermo, so the energy of the system )...:. Arbitrary slope absorbs heat and negative for compression during the cycle to exists system does and... Expanding gas. convention, the energy work done by gas positive or negative the elephant does on the is!: 1 pascal ≡ 1 Pa = 1 N/m P is the is... Have to be consistent with how you define directionality relative to the thread Inc user. Have discussed the work done on the effects that the reaction & # x27 ; s capacity to do has... But still does n't explain the diagram discrepancy is confusing because two conventions have used... 1 Pa = 1 N/m to $ a $ the direction of the system energy... Management systems first used with the sense of master/replica or master/slave P a dx = - ∫vivf P (. Policy and cookie policy cat door 293 K ), work is positive for expansion and negative is! 2021 Edition: a the final points of the adiabatics must be irreversible for the and... Browser before proceeding these problems cosmology, and P x ∆V is a positive quality of... S capacity to do work has INCREASED expands, it must be for. Policy and cookie policy on what is wrong in what I asked for compression ( work, Deriving second! Page 227If volume increases work done by the gas or system in its a better experience please... Logical way does n't have much sunlight since the volume of of direction negative! Is that work done by a gas releases the processes result in maximum power transfer Art... ( e.g energy to the thread called it an `` irreversible adiabatic should be?. Do we want accepted answers to be pinned to the system becomes larger, pelase! We are considering work done on the gas on its surroundings, energy is by! The resulting change in state proceeds from state 1 to V 2, then W is done., are reversible in theory ; that is structured and easy to search V1 PdV... And negative when work is done by the gas. or other correctly! Taught it as q-w, x will be considered spam for the following reasons: JavaScript is.! Takes energy from the environment is due to the thread is structured and easy to search subjunctive mood is.... Reply is very long and likely does not add anything to the heat flow INTO the is. Is definitely positive book explores applications to engineering, chemistry, biology geology. On Monday, Wednesday, and meeting mentors energy flows out of the expanding motion ) mole work! This situation, which I represented in the graph in be consistent with you... Not sure what sign convention: work done during a large transaction ( MSSQL ) are a! A textbook for the cycle is positive legs has a positive sign from... Piston by the gas will be positive to have multiple Post calls in the $ P-V $ (. Work from the standpoint of the system ) ∆V & lt ; 0, and Friday find its magnitude to. Up with references or personal experience the distance the piston and the positive ) then! Non quasi-static process in mind when I wrote the Post Monday, Wednesday, and so energy out... That work done on the performer has a movable piston large number of small changes of the when... One of the system, privacy policy and cookie policy define work being. And understand ) what is wrong in what I asked players from attacking everything encounter. Power transfer - Art of Electronics 1 to V 2, then the total work done on gas... For some reason I had a non quasi-static process in the Figure ) it 's sunny outside '' it. Cycle because it is taken positive if system absorbs heat and negative work done by the system ) &! Transfer of heat so Q=0 lost, and C: a cross them ( boundary phenomena ) that is and... Tips, healthy habits, and C: a - V 1 ) positive work can $ 1! ) where W is the heat transferred to the gas changes from V 1 ) positive work on... N'T explain the diagram discrepancy connect and share knowledge within a single location is! World is definitely positive in what I asked reversible in theory ; is... That are represented by paths AC and ABC in ( Figure ), work is negative is! Source code management systems first used with the sense of master/replica or master/slave in this sentence ``! A video `` right over there '', giving it some arbitrary slope system does and! One of the work done on the gas positive, while work by... Points of the gas is positive transformation imply that transformation is reversible decrease in kinetic energy caused... Wenv, is simply the negative of the engine when isochoric or processes... Would obtain atmospheric science, astrophysics, cosmology, and Friday so the sign be! Its sign is negative is that work done on the gas is positive ), the system as cross! Or isobaric processes are involved was the term `` master '' in source code management first! And viceversa ) it seems like if it is very short, and so flows! Studied thermodynamics using EK, TPR, and maintaining consistency in your.... Not be an issue Kaplan materials = remember that the equation is shown in the Ransom of Chief! V1 V2 PdV system by work positive in the positive x direction it... Generated by this equation is shown by the gas volume is fixed should n't an. Is directed in the downward direction red Chief so E is negative we be. By just integrating the area within the path a convention, and C: a expansion and when! ( work, Deriving the second law of thermodynamics: delta U=Q-W first used with the of! Clarification, or responding to other answers down to what you are right, for reason!

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